Author: Samira Prasad

For World Health Day the Royal Society of Canada (RSC) spoke with MAP scientist Dr. Sean B. Rourke – 2025 RSC Eric Jackman Prize inaugural recipient – about his life-saving work expanding access to healthcare across Canada.  

The Ontario government says its plan to connect people with primary care is right on track. The government has said it will clear the provincial wait-list by spring 2026. And in this year’s budget, it’s dedicating another 325 million dollars — making the total investment 3.4 billion dollars over four years. The goal is to connect everyone with primary care by 2029. Is that achievable? We discuss the progress that’s been made and what else needs to be done with Dr. Tara Kiran, a family doctor and MAP scientist and national lead of the OurCare initiative; and Deepy Sur, the CEO of the Ontario College of Family Physicians.

From U of T News, by Aideen Teeling

Darrell Tan remembers diagnosing the first-ever case of mpox in Ontario in May 2022. Based on reports of growing mpox epidemics in Europe and the United States, his mind went straight to an outbreak scenario in Canada.  

“My head was spinning with questions: how is it going to manifest?” he says. 

Tan is an infectious disease physician and clinician-scientist at Unity Health Toronto and co-led the Emerging and Pandemic Infections Consortium’s mpox rapid research response along with Sharmistha Mishra, a fellow infectious disease physician and mathematical modeler at Unity Health Toronto.  

Launched in July 2022, the funding program provided over $1.13 million to 5 research projects involving 15 scientists — from the University of Toronto and hospital partners Sunnybrook Research Institute, Unity Health Toronto and the University Health Network — to support  the rapid establishment of an interdisciplinary research platform grounded in a clinical cohort and community engagement.  The outcomes of these projects shaped our understanding of mpox and steered the clinical and public health response in Ontario and beyond. Collectively, this work has uncovered new insights into how the viral infection and transmission, including via environmental surfaces, vaccine effectiveness and distribution strategies. 

Mpox (previously known as monkeypox) is a viral infection that spreads through close contact and is characterized by flu-like illness and painful rashes typically found on the hands, feet, face and anogenital region. As of March 2026, 2,345 cases of mpox have been recorded in Canada, with over half of cases found in Ontario. Earlier this month, two cases of a different strain of the mpox virus were reported in Toronto.  

When mpox first emerged in Canada in 2022, there were many questions about how it would impact a population that had little to no pre-existing immunity against the virus.

To answer these questions, Tan established the Mpox Observational Cohort Study (MPOCS), which has since enrolled over 100 participants. By following the participants over time, the researchers generated a more complete picture of the symptoms, duration and treatment strategies for mpox, and provided a wealth of information to guide physicians in diagnosing and treating a suspected case of mpox. The participants also shared information about the timing and types of exposures, their concerns about isolation, and helped researchers understand environmental transmission of the virus. 

The day after diagnosing his first mpox case, Tan reached out to the Gay Men Sexual Health Alliance (GMSH) discuss with its leaders about how to engage with gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM), which reports indicated were the communities most affected by mpox.  

“How are we going to mobilize the community around [mpox]?” says Tan, who is also an associate professor of medicine at U of T’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine. 

A concern raised by a community member led to the creation of an online image atlas showing how lesions can vary in their appearance across different skin tones and parts of the body. Created using photos from the cohort study, the image atlas is an important tool to help physicians diagnose mpox and to reduce stigma around its portrayal in media. 

Beyond diagnosing mpox, Tan says one of the benefits of having a large longitudinal cohort is the ability to ask other important questions. For example, the researchers noticed that people could have lesions for weeks, even after they felt better. This led them to investigate where the virus replicates in the body and how long it remains infectious. 

Tan and Mishra teamed up with Rob Kozak, a clinical microbiologist at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, to study biological samples donated by MPOCS participants, which are stored in the MPOCS Biobank housed at the Toronto High Containment Facility. 

The researchers showed that mpox skin lesions can shed infectious virus particles for up to three weeks and that virus can be found for up to four weeks in the anogenital region.  

Tan says these results not only informed diagnostic strategies in asymptomatic cases but also framed his conversations with patients about how long the virus remains present and what precautions should be taken to limit viral spread.  

Building on this work, Kozak and Tan published another study showing that the only antiviral available to treat mpox, tecovirimat, failed to reduce the number of infectious viral particles shed by mpox patients. These findings, which were replicated by other studies, have been used to advocate for the development of more effective antiviral drugs against mpox.  

“As we’re figuring out the virus, the virus is figuring us out as well,” says Kozak, who is also an assistant professor in the department of laboratory medicine and pathobiology. 

As a virologist, Kozak was interested in discovering how the virus causes disease and why some people got sicker than others. 

Following reports that mpox tends to cause particularly severe illness in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Kozak and postdoctoral researcher Jacklyn Hurst used dual RNA-sequencing to investigate which viral genes were turned on and induced expression of immune response genes in cells from mpox patients also living with HIV. In people with HIV and mpox, they observed decreased expression of immune response genes and an increase in harmful viral genes, which sheds light on the arms race taking place inside cells that may lead to worse illness. 

Kozak says EPIC funding was critical in enabling his early research that led to larger funding from external agencies. He is now collaborating with the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO) at the University of Saskatchewan to understand mpox infections in animals, which may reveal new treatment strategies in human cases. 

Mpox shares remarkable genetic similarities with the smallpox virus, which was eradicated in 1980. Canada has maintained a stockpile of smallpox vaccines for emergency use which public health teams were able to access during the mpox outbreak, but supplies were limited. 

For Mishra, one of her early priorities was developing mechanistic and explanatory mathematical models of transmission to help inform an effective and equitable vaccine campaign. The question of early vaccine allocation was posed to Mishra by public health decision makers right at the start of the outbreak. 

Mishra, who holds a Tier 2 Canada Research Chair in Mathematical Modeling and Program Science, says that mathematical models can help researchers to see beyond what is being reported clinically. 

“What might be the potential trajectories we might see in the short term, in the medium term, and in the potential long term?” she asks. 

Empowered by EPIC’s mpox rapid response funding, Mishra and then PhD student Jesse Knight published a study in the Canadian Medical Association Journal projecting that distributing vaccines to cities based on the size of gbMSM sexual networks and the characteristics and configuration of networks could prevent a significant number of mpox infections — findings that were used to inform public health vaccination strategies in Ontario. 

Mishra built on her EPIC-funded modelling studies to further investigate the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine against mpox. In a landmark study published in the British Medical Journal, Mishra, Jeff Kwong, Christine Navarro and colleagues at Public Health Ontario demonstrated that a single dose of vaccine had an estimated effectiveness of 58%.  

As an associate professor of medicine at Temerty Medicine and at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Mishra says robust estimates of vaccine effectiveness not only make modelling data more reliable, but also provide critical thresholds for public health interventions by informing policymakers about how much of the population would need to receive vaccination to prevent ongoing outbreaks. 

Tan, Kozak, and Mishra, alongside the entire rapid response team, have also leveraged their experience from Ontario’s 2022 mpox outbreak to build national and international research partnerships with countries continuing to face growing mpox outbreaks.  

“You don’t do infectious disease research locally,” says Mishra. 

She says connecting with colleagues in Nigeria and Sierra Leone through the Canada-Africa Mpox Partnership (CAMP) network, has allowed her to share the mpox modeling approaches developed through the EPIC rapid response to foster mutual capacity building and will enhance future surveillance for mpox and other emerging pathogens in these regions.  

Almost four years after Canada’s first case of mpox was reported — with a new strain of the virus threatening to cause a resurgence in cases — all three researchers remain vigilant about the possibility of a new outbreak and focused on the questions that remain unanswered. 

“Surveillance is key as well as encouraging vaccination,” says Kozak. “We can’t let our guard down when it comes to mpox.”  

Press release from CMAJ

New prescriptions for stimulants among adults, largely to treat ADHD, more than doubled since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in younger adults, found new research published in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal). 

In the past, stimulants have been prescribed mainly for pediatric cases of ADHD and some other conditions. However, over the last 20 years, ADHD diagnoses and stimulant prescriptions have increased globally in adults, and data indicate this trend accelerated after the start of the pandemic. Canadian researchers sought to understand whether this trend is evident in Canada and to understand the demographic characteristics of people using these medications. 

“Our findings may reflect improved recognition and treatment of ADHD in adulthood; however, the speed and scale of this growth also raises important questions about how diagnoses are being made, and if this prescribing is always appropriate,” says Dr. Tara Gomes, program director of the Ontario Drug Policy Research Network at St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto and an ICES scientist, Toronto, Ontario. 

During the study period from January 2016 to June 2024, 327 053 adults in Ontario were dispensed at least one new prescription for stimulants. More than half (55 per cent) were female, the median age was 31 years, and the majority (91 per cent) lived in urban areas. The start of the pandemic saw a short-term decline in new recipients of stimulant prescriptions, followed by a subsequent rapid increase. Interestingly, the largest increase and highest rates of new stimulant recipients occurred among younger age groups, most notably among 18- to 24-year-olds. As well, prior to the pandemic, stimulant prescribing rates were similar between males and females, but during the pandemic, rates of stimulant prescriptions were consistently higher among females in all age groups. 

“Many of these findings are consistent with trends in stimulant prescribing observed globally in the post-pandemic era and are likely influenced by greater awareness of adult ADHD and improved access to care following a historical pattern of underdiagnosis of ADHD in adulthood — particularly among women,” says coauthor Dr. Mina Tadrous, associate professor, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto. “However, the rising impact of social media influencers on ADHD awareness in young adults, as well as the rapid evolution of virtual health services that support online assessments and treatment, may also be contributing to misdiagnoses and potential harm.” 

Studies in the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Finland have reported similar trends in increasing stimulant use. Increased awareness and diagnosis of adult ADHD, expanded access to prescriptions through virtual care, more time spent on screens, and mental distress are some touted driving factors. The use of prescription stimulants to manage people who have anxiety and depression may also be contributing to the trend, as 25 per cent of new recipients of stimulants were diagnosed with one or both conditions.  

The researchers also noted shifts in prescribing patterns, with a decline in prescriptions from psychiatrists after the start of the pandemic (from 26 per cent to 18 per cent) and an increase in prescriptions from nurses and nurse practitioners (from 2 per cent to 10 per cent).  

“While greater awareness of adult ADHD has likely supported many people accessing timely care, the speed of rising stimulant prescribing in this population alongside more non-specialist initiation, increasing virtual care, and shorter assessment timelines also raises concerns about the quality of diagnostic practices,” cautions Dr. Gomes. “Because diagnosing adult ADHD requires careful and comprehensive clinical evaluation, these patterns point to the importance of ensuring that rigorous assessment protocols are used to support treatment decisions that are better aligned with clinical standards.” 

The authors call for ongoing monitoring and evaluation to understand the root causes of rising rates of stimulant use and balance between treatment when indicated and protecting patients against potential harms.  

As the child of refugees who struggled to access healthcare in Toronto, Dr. Naheed Dosani always knew he wanted to inspire social change through a career in medicine.

But he can pinpoint the exact moment he chose to dedicate his life to health justice in the field of palliative care.

During his residency, he found himself caring for a man named Terry who was experiencing homelessness, substance use, and a serious mental health condition. Terry had also been diagnosed with terminal neck cancer.

“He hadn’t been able to get the care he needed, and he died a very agonizing, painful death in the shelter,” says Dr. Dosani. “That experience changed me forever.”

Although the health system has long recognized the importance of palliative care, Dr. Dosani—who is now a palliative care physician and researcher at St. Michael’s Hospital—says that people experiencing homelessness often lack access to it.   

“Palliative care can be a really beautiful thing that enables a peaceful passing for those who receive it. But shelter-based palliative care is not something our system is able to deliver,” he says.

“This means that when they’re dying, people in the shelter system can experience significant pain, existential distress, and frequent transfers to the emergency department.”

Yet they are also far more likely to face life-threatening health issues and die prematurely.

Unhoused people are five times more likely to have heart disease and four times more likely to have cancer compared to the general population. And their average life expectancy is just 34 to 47 years old. 

“We have to do a lot better if we truly believe in a human rights-based approach to palliative care,” says Dr. Dosani.

Leading change

For more than a decade, Dr. Dosani has been working to improve access to compassionate end-of-life care for people on the margins of society.

In 2014, he launched the world’s first mobile palliative care program for unhoused people with just his own car and the support of a street nurse.

Called PEACH, or Palliative Education and Care for the Homeless, the program now has a network of mobile clinics across Canada. It’s also been replicated in the United States, Australia, and other countries around the world.

“PEACH is a partnership between a number of different organizations that have come together in recognition of its urgent need, including Inner City Health Associates, Kensington Health, Ontario Health’s Toronto Central and Downtown East, and Unity Health Toronto,” says Dr. Dosani.

He’s also leading groundbreaking research as an investigator with the MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions at St. Michael’s, Canada’s largest research centre focused on health equity and social determinants of health. A significant portion of the work taking place at MAP is funded by donor dollars.

“At MAP, we’re looking at how we can create models of palliative care that support equity for the unhoused population, the issues and gaps faced by community workers in connecting individuals with palliative care, improving guidelines around this work, and much more.”

He says that MAP has provided a truly innovative space for this work to happen.

“MAP is the pinnacle of anything and everything related to equity-focused solutions for complex health issues impacting vulnerable people,” he says. “Not only are we asking incredibly important questions at MAP that don’t get asked elsewhere, but it’s being done with expertise and care for the populations we’re working for.

And as co-chair of Improving Equity in Access to Palliative Care, an initiative funded by Health Canada, Dr. Dosani has overseen the delivery of $2.3 million to 23 projects across Canada focused on improving equity in palliative care.

“This work is really changing how we do things in the world of palliative care right across Canada, from mobile-based programs like PEACH to changes in paramedic practices to harm reduction approaches and beyond,” he says.

A more just and hopeful future ahead

As he pursues his vision of health justice, Dr. Dosani is driven every day by the stories of the people he’s cared for.

“I think of Pandora, a young woman who was struggling with substance use and dying of heart failure. Our team was able to allow her to die in a place where she was comfortable and cared for, surrounded by her street family,” he says.

There was Richard, an Indigenous man who was able to engage in his passion for soap sculpting before he passed away.

And Archie, a former engineer who found himself living in a men’s shelter before being diagnosed with terminal cancer. He loved to do the daily crossword at Allen Gardens, so the team would provide care for him in the park with his consent.

“I’m reminded that we must always remember to acknowledge the full dignity of each person beyond the stigma of their marginalization,” says Dr. Dosani.

Now, when he thinks of the future of palliative care in Canada, Dr. Dosani is optimistic.

“We’re seeing action and change. Public and philanthropic dollars are being invested in this work, and there’s recognition across the health system that this is important,” he says.

“I’m hopeful that in the future, people will face fewer structural barriers to care. They’ll live longer lives. And we’ll be a better and healthier society because of it.”

MAP scientist and director Dr. Stephen Hwang spoke with The Canadian Press about the spike in cold-related injuries among unhoused individuals in recent years. This winter, St. Michael’s Hospital staff have worked with a local Toronto shelter to provide a warm and safe place for those who turned to the emergency room this winter.

This article was also featured on CTV News, CBC and Global News.

Op-ed for Healthy Debate by Dr. Tara Kiran

I first read about Costa Rica’s primary care system nearly a decade ago. In 2016, I came across a paper by physician-researchers at Ariadne labs, including Madeline Pesec, describing how this small, middle-income country was achieving health outcomes that exceeded what its resources would predict – including lower infant mortality and longer life expectancy than the United States, and outcomes comparable to much richer countries.

What was at the heart of their success? A strong primary care system that’s integrated with public health. And an underlying ethos that health is a human right.

Through the 20th century, Costa Rica invested heavily in public health, including sanitation, clean water, nutrition – but also epidemiology and data collection. Clinicians and public health workers were expected to go to people rather than wait for patients to come to them.

Then in the 1990s Costa Rica made a key structural decision: it placed public health and health-care delivery under a single national social security agency. Prevention, primary care and hospital care are part of one system, accountable for health across the life course. When the agency invests in increasing physical activity in childhood, the same agency reaps the rewards of lower rates of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.

I remember reading Pesec’s article on Costa Rica and thinking how Canada could learn a lot from that approach, particularly the four pillars of their primary care system:

1. Strong interprofessional teams. In Costa Rica, care is delivered through more than 1,300 EBAIS clinics (Equipos Básicos de Atención Integral de Salud), each serving roughly 3,000-5,000 people. Teams include a physician, a nurse or nursing assistant, a pharmacist or pharmacy technician, a data specialist and a community health worker (ATAP). Community health workers play a central role in building relationships and identifying populations at risk.
2. Geographic empanelment. Costa Rica’s primary care teams are responsible for everyone living within a defined geography. Community health workers maintain a census of every household, mapped and stratified by risk. Every household is visited at least once a year, with more frequent visits for those with higher needs. Teams know exactly who they are accountable for.
3. Integrating public health and primary care. Community health workers (or ATAP) act as a bridge between primary care clinics and the surrounding community. ATAPs lead health promotion efforts – delivering vaccines, monitoring health parameters, providing education on disease prevention – and connect people to clinical care when needed.
4. Robust data and feedback loops. Data are embedded in daily work. Teams have chronic condition registries, for example, noting who in the community has diabetes or high blood pressure and whether they have received recommended testing. They also track vaccines, pregnancies, social risk and other data that can help them understand population health needs over time.

I should acknowledge that things aren’t perfect in Costa Rica. The country struggles with some of the same challenges we face in Canada, including fiscal and workforce pressures. But even under strain, it continues to achieve better outcomes than its level of spending would predict. Notably, research has shown that the introduction of EBAIS teams in Costa Rica was associated with substantial reductions in mortality over time, particularly among older adults and from cardiovascular disease.

In November 2024, I had the chance to visit Costa Rica. In recent episodes of my podcast, Primary Focus, I take listeners behind the scenes to see an EBAIS team in action and hear directly from the community health workers at the heart of their model.

One of my key takeaways: Costa Rica is a country with far fewer resources than we have in Canada – but much more ambition. It’s designed a system that takes care of everyone – regardless of their geography or background.

And although our countries are very different, there’s a lot we can learn from Costa Rica. I think each of Costa Rica’s four primary care pillars is applicable to the Canadian context.

Can we imagine a future where every person in Canada is “geographically empanelled” to a local interprofessional team that treats illness but is also connected to social services to support wellness and where data feedback loops drive continuous quality improvement? These are all critical elements of what people in Canada told us they wanted to see in a better primary care system.

Compared to Costa Rica, Canada has roughly twice the economic resources per person adjusted for cost of living. In other words, we have enough money. What we need is more ambition – to build a system where every person is accounted for and the responsibility of a healthcare team.

Editor’s note: A version of this article first appeared in The Medical Post.

Dr. Tara Kiran, MAP scientist and OurCare national lead, was a guest on CTV’s The Social to break down why the system makes it so difficult for Canadians to access their medical records, alternative solutions and the steps being taken to make the process less complicated.

Dr. Stephen Hwang, MAP director and scientist, was a guest on CBC Radio’s As it Happens to discuss MAP and United Way Greater Toronto’s plans for the new Slaight Family Housing Lab, which will use an evidence-based approach to tackle chronic homelessness in Toronto.

MAP director Dr. Stephen Hwang and United Way Greater Toronto CEO Heather McDonald, joined CP24 Breakfast to talk about the extraordinary $25M gift by the Slaight Family Foundation, creating the Slaight Family Housing Lab. The funds will be used for an evidence-based approach to moving people off the streets and into supportive housing in Toronto.